In our
post-democratic era government from, for and by the people is increasingly
replaced by governance from, for and by technocrats. Citzens are kept at one
remove from politics by the technical nature of the language in which politics
is being waged. That is partly because of increasing societal complexity;
partly because of the decline in discretionary public spending, as Wolfgang
Streeck and Armin Schäfer have shown in Politics in the Age of Austerity; but also
because of intentional elite strategizing. No better way to keep
citizens out of the fray than by framing the issue at stake as an engineering problem.
No
better illustration of how this works then the politics surrounding the
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Pact (TTIP) that is currently being
negotiated between the US and the EU. Dating back to early 2013 when Obama and
his EC counterpart Barosso flagued their mutual willingness to embark on the
establishment of a Free Trade Agreement between the US and the EU (a long
standing wish of the European and American business communities), the
negotiations were initially treated by the American and European political
elites as a matter of better market coordination with only positive welfare
consequences (win-win) and hence without any need for democratic consultation. Increased
output legitimacy was deemed to be sufficient to dispense with input
legitimacy, to paraphrase the German political scientist Fritz Scharpf.
To
back this up, European commissioner De Gucht who was responsible for the
negotiations commissioned a number of studies from prestigious European think
tanks as background material for the political marketing of the pact. Using
sophisticated econometric trade models (Computable General Equilibrium), Ecorys,
Bertelsmann and IFO predicted small employment and welfare gains in the case of
maximal harmonization in the medium to long term. What was left out of account
in all three studies were transition costs, redistributive effects as well as
social and ecological effects. Moreover, the models were based on the
assumptions of full employment (employment losses in sector A are by definition
compensated by employment gains in sector B) as well as homothetical cost
functions, meaning that the relative costs of labour and capital are assumed to
be fixed, which defines shifts from labour to capital a priori out of
existence.
The
two riders – the degree of harmonization and the timing of effects – proved crucial
in the political debates that ensued when one year into the negotiations the
press finally got wind if it (George Monbiot of the Guardian on November 3,2013) and raised doubts about the redistributive neutrality of the pact. For
they allowed proponents to sell TTIP to increasingly skeptical citizens as
economically beneficial without indicating that these benefits hinged crucially
on the successes of the negotiators to fully eradicate non-tariff trade barriers
(of which an increasing number proved highly controversial, i.e. chlorinated chicken,
GMO food, financial services) and would manifest themselves only on the medium to
long term, raising strong doubts about how TTIP could ever be ‘the cheapest
stimulus package you can imagine’, as De Gucht claimed in a March 2, 2013
speech held at Harvard.
As
the economic sociologists Ferdi De Ville and Gabriel Siles-Brügge have recently
argued in New Political Economy,
economic modeling is not so much about actually ‘predicting’ future welfare
effects of current political decisions but is rather about politically ‘managing
fictional expectations’. In contrast to their putative aim, namely providing
reliable guides into an uncertain future, these models help to construct a
certain but imaginary future in order to facilitate political consensus on the
issue at stake by using a fictional econometric world that due to its technical
nature is able to hide its fictional nature from the eyes of non-experts.
In
the words of De Ville and Siles-Brügge:
[I]n line with the ‘ideational turn’ in
political economy, we argue that it is not objective consequences of trade
agreements as such (which simply cannot be known for certain a priori), but the
management of expectations about their effects which affects the support for
and opposition to the launch, conduct and conclusion of free trade negotiations
(p. 19).
If economic modeling does indeed serve predominantly political
functions and is to a strong degree nothing but an exercise (albeit a
theoretically controlled one) in fictional imagination, there would be no
better way to bring to the fore the politics of modeling than by being
presented with a wider variety of ‘predictions’ based on competing econometric
models. Nothing beats another ‘fictional expectation’ to highlight the
fictional nature of any exercise in econometric modeling.
That is precisely what the US-based Italian economist Jeronim Capaldo of Tufts University has done. In a widely debated 2014 paper Capaldo presents
different ‘fictional expectations’ regarding the future employment and welfare
effects of TTIP, which are strongly at odds with those of the EC commissioned
reports. Instead of gains, Capaldo’s econometric exercise ‘predicts’ losses,
especially for the North-European members of the EU. By bracketing the assumptions
of full employment and homothetic cost functions, Capaldo’s model is able to
include transition costs as well as redistributive effects. In particular,
Capaldo ‘predicts’ rising unemployment as well as welfare losses as a result of
a declining labour share of the national product caused by a weakened bargaining position of labour unions.
What is interesting about Capaldo’s paper is not that his ‘predictions’
are negative or even different from the official reports, but that he used an
alternative econometric model to derive his ‘fictional expectations’, namely the so-called United Nations Economic Policy Model
(UNEP). By doing so, Capaldo has done democracy a big favor. By demonstrating
that different econometric models produce different future worlds, Capaldo has
shown policy makers as well as ngo’s and citizens that the certainty proclaimed
by the political marketeers of TTIP is a political fiction which serves
particular political interests. Capaldo’s counter-imagination has given
politics back to citizens. For this, he should be applauded instead of
attacked, as Jacques Pelkmans, a Dutch economist from the EU funded College of Europe, in a recent interview in the Dutch daily De Volkskrant so unfairly did,
when he accused Capaldo of ‘hooliganism’ that was merely meant to harm Pelkmans' cherished TTIP.
One would have hoped – seven years after a crisis which discredited
large parts of the mainstream economic paradigm – to see a tad more humility
among the economic tribe, a tidbit more self-awareness about the limitations of
their own models, a teeny weeny more recognition of the unavoidable politics
informing their theories, as well as a little more appreciation for the need to
have a serious conversation between different economic paradigms. If only to
teach citizens, politicians and journo's that they shouldn’t take economic ‘expertise’
too seriously.